Welcome back to the fifth lesson of Realistic Lighting with the Phong Model! We've built a comprehensive lighting system that brings surfaces to life with ambient illumination, directional diffuse shading, and dynamic specular highlights. Our cube now exhibits convincing material properties that respond realistically to both light sources and camera movement. However, our surfaces still appear as uniform colors, lacking the rich detail and visual complexity we see in real-world materials. In this lesson, we'll bridge the gap between lighting and texturing by learning how to apply our Phong lighting calculations to textured materials. Instead of lighting solid colors, we'll illuminate detailed surface patterns, creating objects that combine the visual richness of textures with the three-dimensional realism of proper lighting. This integration represents a crucial step toward photorealistic rendering, where surface detail and lighting work together to create compelling visual experiences.

The key insight in combining textures with lighting lies in understanding the distinction between material color and lighting calculations. In our previous lessons, we used fixed colors like vColor as the base material that received lighting. Now, textures provide spatially varying material colors that change across the surface, giving us different base colors at each pixel location. The lighting calculations themselves remain unchanged: we still compute ambient, diffuse, and specular components using the same mathematical relationships. However, instead of multiplying a uniform color by our lighting factors, we multiply the texture color sampled at each fragment's UV coordinates. This approach creates surfaces where lighting reveals texture details naturally: highlights accentuate texture features, shadows hide them, and the overall three-dimensional form emerges through the interaction of surface detail and illumination. The texture essentially becomes our material's diffuse color, providing the base appearance that lighting then enhances with depth and realism.