Welcome back to the sixth lesson of Realistic Lighting with the Phong Model! In our previous lesson, we successfully combined textures with lighting to create surfaces that display both rich visual detail and convincing three-dimensional illumination. Our textured cube now exhibits the complex interplay between material appearance and lighting that characterizes realistic rendering. However, while our textures provide color variation across surfaces, the underlying geometry remains perfectly smooth. Real-world materials exhibit surface irregularities like bumps, scratches, and fine details that catch and scatter light in complex ways. In this lesson, we'll learn to simulate these microscopic surface variations using normal mapping, a powerful technique that enhances perceived surface complexity without adding geometric detail. By manipulating surface normals through specialized textures called normal maps, we can create the illusion of intricate surface features that respond convincingly to lighting, transforming our smooth surfaces into materials that appear to have genuine physical depth and texture.

Normal mapping works by storing surface normal perturbations in a texture, allowing us to modify how light interacts with surfaces on a per-pixel basis. Unlike diffuse textures that store color information, normal maps contain encoded directional vectors that represent local variations in surface orientation. These variations create the illusion of bumps, grooves, and other surface features by altering the lighting calculations without changing the actual geometry. The technique is particularly powerful because it provides fine surface detail at minimal computational cost compared to increasing polygon density. When light hits a surface with a normal map, each pixel can have a slightly different normal vector, causing subtle variations in how light reflects and scatters. This creates the visual impression of surface roughness and complexity that our eyes interpret as real geometric detail, even though the underlying mesh remains geometrically simple.