Welcome to the second lesson of "Exposing Your Code Translator with FastAPI"! In our previous session, you took your first steps into REST APIs and built a simple FastAPI application. Now, you're ready to level up by learning how to design a backend that's not just functional but also clean, maintainable, and ready for real-world growth.

In this lesson, you'll discover how professional developers organize their code to keep projects manageable as they expand. By the end, you'll have a solid foundation for building robust APIs — one that will make adding new features and fixing bugs much easier as your code translator evolves. Let's dive in and see how a thoughtful architecture can make all the difference!

Before we start coding, let's explore why backend structure is so important. Imagine trying to fix a car where all the parts are jumbled together in one big box. Troubleshooting or upgrading anything would be a nightmare! The same is true for software: a tangled codebase quickly becomes hard to understand and maintain.

A layered architecture solves this by dividing your backend into clear sections, each with its own job. For example:

• The routing layer decides which function should handle each incoming request.
• The controller layer (also called handler layer) manages how requests are processed and how responses are sent back.
• The service layer contains the core logic, also called business logic: that is, what your app actually does.

This separation brings real benefits: you can fix or improve one part without breaking others, test each piece on its own, and easily add new features. As your application grows, this structure will help you stay organized and efficient.

Let's translate this architecture into a practical project layout. A well-organized project makes it easy for anyone (including your future self!) to find where things happen.

Here's the structure we'll be using for this course:

This structure separates concerns clearly:

• main.py is the entry point for running your FastAPI app.
• The api/ directory contains everything related to your API: application setup, routing, controllers, business logic, request/response validation, and logging.
• The code_translator/ directory holds the core translation logic, including preprocessing, postprocessing, security checks, and the main pipeline.

By keeping each responsibility in its own place, you make it much easier to add new features, debug issues, and collaborate with others. As your project expands, this organization will help you stay efficient and maintainable.

The routing layer is your API's front door. It lists all the available endpoints and connects them to the right controller functions. In FastAPI, this is managed using the APIRouter class.

APIRouter allows you to organize your endpoints into logical groups, making your codebase modular and easier to maintain. Instead of defining all your routes directly on the main FastAPI app, you can use routers to separate different parts of your API (for example, user-related routes, translation routes, etc.). This makes it simple to add, remove, or modify endpoints without affecting unrelated parts of your application.

Here's how you might define a couple of routes using APIRouter:

In this snippet, you create a router instance and register two endpoints. Each route simply points to a controller function that will handle the request. This keeps your routing file focused and easy to scan — no business logic here, just a clear map of your API.

Controllers, also called route handlers, act as the middlemen between incoming requests and your core logic. Their main responsibilities are to:

• Receive and parse incoming data (such as JSON payloads or query parameters)
• Call the appropriate service functions to perform the actual work
• Format and return the response to the client

Controllers should avoid containing business logic themselves. Instead, they focus on handling the request/response cycle and delegate the heavy lifting to the service layer. Here’s an example of a controller function:

Notice how echo_message is responsible for extracting the request data and formatting the response, but it delegates the actual processing to a service function. This keeps controllers simple and focused on their role as request handlers.

The service layer contains your application's business logic — the core operations that define what your app actually does. Service functions are called by controllers and are responsible for processing data, applying rules, and performing computations.

By isolating business logic in the service layer, you make it easier to:

• Test your core functionality independently of the API layer
• Reuse logic across different controllers or even different applications
• Update or extend your app’s behavior without touching the request/response code

Here’s an example of a simple service function:

This function does not know anything about HTTP requests or responses — it just takes input, processes it, and returns the result. This separation of concerns is key to building maintainable and testable applications.

With your layers defined, you need to bring them together so your app can handle requests. This is done in your main application setup:

This setup connects all the components of your layered architecture:

• app.include_router(api_router, prefix="/api") connects your APIRouter (defined in api/routes.py) to the main FastAPI application.
• The include_router method allows you to modularize your endpoints, keeping your codebase organized and making it easy to add or remove groups of routes.
• The prefix="/api" argument means that all endpoints registered in this router will be accessible under the /api path. This creates a logical namespace that separates your API endpoints from other content. For example, a route defined as /hello in your router will be available at /api/hello in your application.
• This structure helps you group related endpoints together and makes it easier to manage versioning or future expansions (such as /api/v1, /api/v2, etc.).

When you start your application, everything is neatly connected and ready to serve requests, with all your API endpoints organized under a common path.

You've just learned how to design a backend that's organized, maintainable, and ready for real-world challenges. By separating your code into routing, controller, and service layers, you've set yourself up for easier testing, faster development, and smoother collaboration.

As you move forward, you'll see how this structure makes it simple to add new features and keep your codebase clean. Up next, you'll get hands-on practice applying these concepts and see how they fit together in action.