Welcome back to Breaking Numbers Into Primes! This is our third lesson out of four, which means we are well past the halfway mark. So far, we have built a solid foundation: in lesson one, we learned what prime factorisation means and why every number greater than $1$ has a unique prime "fingerprint"; in lesson two, we put that knowledge to work by constructing factor trees that visually split numbers into primes, branch by branch. Today, we pick up a second technique — repeated division — that reaches the same set of primes through a more streamlined, column-based approach. By the end of this lesson, we will also develop some intuition for when each method shines brightest.

Factor trees are wonderful for seeing how a number breaks apart, but as numbers grow larger, those branches can sprawl across the page and become difficult to track. Repeated division offers a tidier alternative: instead of branching outward, we work straight down a single column, dividing by one small prime at a time until nothing is left to divide. Think of it like peeling layers off an onion — each division strips away one prime factor, and when the onion is fully peeled (the quotient reaches $1$), every layer is sitting in a neat stack beside it.

The result is always the same unique set of prime factors we would find with a factor tree — the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic guarantees that. The difference is only in how we get there.

The method follows a simple loop. We start with the number we want to factorise, divide it by the smallest prime that goes into it evenly, and write down the quotient. Then we take that quotient and do it all again. We keep going until the quotient reaches $1$, which tells us every prime factor has been extracted.

1. Start with the composite number.
2. Find the smallest prime that divides it evenly — try $2$, then $3$, then $5$, then $7$, and so on.
3. Divide and record the quotient.
4. steps 2–3 with the new quotient.

Let's factorise $72$ using repeated division. Since $72$ is even, the smallest prime that divides it is $2$, so that is where we begin.

Now let's try $180$, a number that would produce quite a wide factor tree. With repeated division, the layout stays compact.

A few practical points will help keep repeated divisions accurate and efficient. The divisibility rules from the previous course (Divisibility Shortcuts) are especially handy here — for instance, checking whether the last digit is even to test for $2$, or summing the digits to test for $3$.

• Always start with the smallest prime. Beginning with $2$ (if the number is even) and working upward ensures we never skip a factor and that our list stays in order.
• Stay with the same prime until it no longer divides evenly, then move to the next prime. This keeps the work organised and makes counting repeated factors simple.
• Always end at $1$. Stopping at a quotient like $6$ instead of continuing means some prime factors are still hiding inside. A quotient of is the only valid signal that every prime has been extracted.

With two methods in our toolkit, a natural question arises: which one should we pick? Both always work and both produce the same answer, but each has situations where it feels more natural.

Consider a number like $$: it is loaded with small prime factors (), so repeated division lets us peel them off quickly in a tidy column. Now consider : at first glance it has no obvious small factor, but if you happen to notice that , a factor tree finishes in a single split. In practice, many problem-solvers blend both approaches — for example, spotting that , noting the prime , and then switching to repeated division to finish off . The best method is simply whichever one helps you work accurately and with confidence.

In this lesson, we added repeated division to our prime factorisation toolkit. The process is beautifully systematic: divide by the smallest applicable prime, record the quotient, and continue until the quotient is $1$. We also compared the method side by side with factor trees, so we can now make an informed choice about which approach suits a given number best.

Time to put these skills into action! In the practice exercises that follow, you will complete a partially filled division layout, factorise numbers on your own using repeated division, tackle a larger challenge with more prime factors, and sharpen your judgement about when to reach for each method. Let's see how quickly those primes line up!