Greetings, learners! We are currently in the fifth lesson of our "Understanding and Using Trees in Python" course. So far, we have navigated the depths of tree structures, and today, we continue our expedition by climbing one of its fascinating branches - the Heap.

Heaps are versatile data structures with applications across various domains, simplifying tasks, such as forming efficient priority queues or sorting arrays, and further demonstrating their relevance in solving complex mathematical and computer science problems. This lesson will delve into heaps, exploring their types, the operations we can perform on them, and their applications in Python.

A heap is a complete binary tree that satisfies a special property known as the heap property. Essentially, the heap property stipulates that if P is a parent node of C, the value of node P is either greater than or equal to (in the case of a Max Heap) or lesser than or equal to (in a Min Heap) the value of node C. In simpler terms, in a Max Heap, each parent node is greater than or equal to its child node(s), and in a Min Heap, each parent node is less than or equal to its child node(s).

For a visual representation, consider the following example of a Max Heap:

In the above example, the parent nodes hold greater values than their respective child nodes, validating it as a Max Heap.

At the same time, the heap in the example below is a Min Heap.