Decimal Approximations and Rounding

Welcome to the seventh and final lesson of Solving for Unknown Sides! Over the previous six lessons, you have assembled a powerful set of skills: setting up the Pythagorean equation from a diagram, solving for a hypotenuse or a missing leg, choosing the correct method at a glance, and expressing non-whole answers in exact radical form. At the end of that last lesson, we hinted that radicals, while perfectly precise, are not always the most practical format. Today we close out the course by learning how to convert any square-root answer into a decimal rounded to whatever precision a problem requires.

A radical like $\sqrt{40}$ is the most precise way to express a non-whole side length. No information is lost, and no rounding occurs. That precision is valuable on paper, but it does not always translate to the physical world.

Picture yourself at a hardware store, trying to buy a wooden brace that needs to be $\sqrt{40}$ feet long. The tape measure has no $\sqrt{40}$ marking. You need a number like $6.3$ feet to actually measure and cut. Decimal approximations trade a tiny amount of precision for a format that works with rulers, maps, and everyday thinking. Learning when and how to round is the finishing touch on our side-solving toolkit.

Converting a square root to a decimal is straightforward: evaluate it with a calculator. For example:

The digits continue forever without settling into a repeating pattern. Because we can never write them all, we round to a stated number of decimal places.

One important notation detail: we use the symbol $\approx$ (read "approximately equal to") whenever a value has been rounded. So we write $\sqrt{20} \approx 4.47$, not $\sqrt{20} = 4.47$. This small habit tells anyone reading our work that rounding took place.

Most problems will ask you to round to the nearest tenth (one decimal place) or the nearest hundredth (two decimal places). The process is the same either way: look at the digit one place beyond where you need to round.

• If that digit is 5 or greater, round up.
• If that digit is less than 5, keep the rounding digit as it is.

Let's apply this to $\sqrt{20} = 4.472135...$

Nearest tenth. We want one decimal place. The tenths digit is $4$. Look one place further: the hundredths digit is $7$. Since $7 \geq 5$, we round up:

Nearest hundredth. We want two decimal places. The hundredths digit is $7$. Look one place further: the thousandths digit is $2$. Since $2 < 5$, we keep $7$:

Notice how the same radical produces different decimals depending on the requested precision. Always check what the problem asks for before you round.