Welcome, future C++ maestros! Today, we will explore the core of writing maintainable and scalable software through Code Decoupling and Modularization. We will investigate techniques to minimize dependencies, making our code more modular, manageable, and easier to maintain.

Understanding decoupling and modularization is crucial to building a robust codebase. Decoupling ensures our code components are independent by reducing the connections between them, much like arranging pieces in a puzzle.

In this example, the ShapeCalculator class is tightly coupled, as it directly handles the logic for calculating different shapes' areas. This setup makes it difficult to add new shapes without altering the existing code.

By using polymorphism, the code is decoupled. An abstraction (IShape) allows different shapes to implement their behavior through derived classes like Rectangle and . This enhances maintainability and makes it easier to introduce new shapes without modifying existing code.