Hello! Today's expedition is about understanding Go's error messages. We'll examine how these error messages work, their structure, and the most common types that we're likely to encounter. Let's get started!

Go handles errors in a way that's somewhat different from other languages. Here, an error is a predefined interface, which isn't meant to signal an exception but to be a standard return type. When your Go code encounters a situation it doesn’t know how to handle, the typical response is to return an error to signal this to the caller of the function.

Go's error messages comprise the following:

1. Description: This string describes what went wrong.

To illustrate, let's consider this code error:

The code:

The error:

Although the error message provides not much of insight, it's sufficiently direct for us to understand that there's a missing parenthesis.

For this error:

• Description is syntax error: unexpected newline in argument list; possibly missing comma or )

Every error contains a description to help you understand what's not right.

Syntax errors occur when the code violates Go's language rules, preventing the compiler from parsing and thus compiling the code. These errors are usually caught at compile time. Examples include:

• Missing Brackets: Forgetting to close a bracket or parenthesis can lead to a syntax error.

  This raises:

• Misplaced Keywords: Using a keyword in the wrong context can also cause syntax errors.

  This would typically raise:

Logical errors happen when the code does not perform as intended or produces unexpected results. These errors are not caught at compile time because the code is syntactically correct. Some examples include:

• Incorrect Loop Condition: This can cause the program to behave unexpectedly or run for an extremely long time.

Although it compiles, the loop will run for a very long time because i decreases instead of increases. While not technically infinite (it would eventually overflow after going through all negative integers), it would run for so long that it appears infinite in practical terms.

• Wrong Variable Used: Using a different variable than intended can cause logical errors.

This prints the total instead of the average.

Runtime errors occur during the execution of a program, after it has successfully compiled. These types of errors are typically harder to track since they occur under specific conditions.

In Go, a panic is a runtime error that abruptly stops the program's execution due to an unrecoverable issue, such as accessing an out-of-range index or a nil pointer dereference. When a panic occurs, Go unwinds the stack, running any deferred functions, before terminating the program and printing an error message. Panics highlight critical errors where the program cannot safely continue.

• Index Out of Range: Accessing an element outside the bounds of an array or slice.

This causes a panic at runtime: panic: runtime error: index out of range [4] with length 3.

• Nil Pointer Dereference: Attempting to access a member of a nil pointer.

This would panic: panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference.

Congratulations! In this lesson, we've broadened our understanding of Go's error messages by categorizing them into syntax errors, logical errors, and runtime errors. You've seen examples of each and should now have a better understanding of the types of errors you may encounter when coding in Go. Identifying the type of error quickly is crucial in debugging efficiently. As you practice and encounter these errors firsthand, you'll develop a sharper instinct for resolving them. Next, we'll move on to hands-on exercises where you'll get to tackle these error types in real Go code scenarios. Happy debugging!