Welcome! Today's lesson focuses on vectors, which are dynamic equivalents of arrays in C++. We'll discuss how to declare, initialize, access, and manipulate them, and we'll delve into other unique elements.

Vectors are dynamic arrays that form part of the C++ Standard Library. Unlike arrays, which require a pre-defined size, vectors allow elements to be populated as needed, resizing as they grow.

To use vectors, you must include the vector library:

#include <vector>

This library provides the necessary functionality to work with vectors.

Vectors are declared using the std::vector template followed by the type of elements they will store. Here's the anatomy of a vector declaration:

std::vector<int> myVector; // Declares a vector of integers named myVector

You can use the following options to initialize a vector:

// Initialization with a specified size and default values (0s)
std::vector<int> myVector2(5);

// Initialization with a specified size and a specified value
std::vector<int> myVector3(5, 10); // Vector of size 5 with all elements set to 10

// Initialization using an initializer list
std::vector<int> myVector4 {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

// Initialization with another vector (copy initialization)
std::vector<int> myVector5(myVector4);

• Static vs. Dynamic Size: Arrays have a fixed size declared at compile time. Vectors can grow and shrink dynamically as elements are added or removed.
• Memory Management: Arrays have contiguous memory allocation. Vectors handle memory automatically, resizing and managing space as needed.
• Functionality: Vectors provide built-in functions like push_back(), pop_back(), insert(), erase(), etc., which are not available for arrays.

Like arrays, vectors store elements in contiguous storage locations, allowing efficient access using indices. Elements can be accessed like array elements (vector[index]). Indices can also be used to modify vector values.

Let's demonstrate how to initialize and modify values:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main() {
   std::vector<int> myVector {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
   
   // Accessing the second element
   std::cout << myVector[1] << std::endl; // 20

   // Modifying the second element
   myVector[1] = 99; // Indexing starts from 0. Thus, the second element corresponds to index 1.

   // Accessing the modified second element
   std::cout << myVector[1] << std::endl; // 99

   return 0;
}