Welcome to our exploration of sorted maps using custom classes and comparators in Python. In today's lesson, we'll learn how to use custom classes as keys in sorted maps. This approach enhances data organization and access. With the addition of comparators, we can dictate the order in such maps.

A sorted map is a dictionary with its keys always in order. This arrangement makes operations like searching for keys within a range more efficient. In Python, we use the SortedDict class from the sortedcontainers library to create sorted maps:

Custom classes enable us to create objects that fit our data — for instance, a "Person" class for employee information or a "Book" class for a library database. In Python, classes are the blueprints for creating objects.

Consider this simple class, for example:

Using custom classes as map keys helps organize complex multivariate keys in a sorted map. Below is an example of how to use comparators to dictate the order when using custom classes as keys:

In this example, John is assigned the value "Programmer", and Alice is assigned the value "Designer". However, this code doesn't work, can you guess why?

Python uses a comparator to determine the order of two keys. To make this comparison, we add special methods to our class — __lt__ (less than), __gt__ (greater than), __eq__ (equals), __ne__ (not equals), and __hash__ (the hash of the class instance). Without these methods, SortedDict can't compare its Person class keys.

We've explored how to use custom classes as keys in sorted maps and how comparators work in this context. Now, prepare for some hands-on exercises to reinforce these concepts.