In this lesson, we're diving into the exciting world of writing to files using Python. Writing to files is a key skill in programming because it allows you to store data permanently, log information, and share data with other systems or users. In this lesson, we'll explore different modes of file operation, focusing on write ('w'), append ('a'), and briefly using read ('r') to verify our output.

Let's start by examining how we can write to a file using the write mode. The write mode is used to create a new file or overwrite an existing file.

First, let's specify the path for the file we want to write to.

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1output_file_path = 'output.txt'

If the file exists, it will be overwritten. Otherwise, a new file will be created.

We use the open() function to open the file in write mode ('w').

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1with open(output_file_path, 'w') as file:

The with keyword ensures that the file is closed automatically after writing.

Then, we can write to the file using the write() method.

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1with open(output_file_path, 'w') as file:
2    file.write("Hello, World!\n")
3    file.write("This is a new line of text.\n")

Here, we write two lines of text. Each line is terminated with a newline character \n to ensure that text appears on separate lines. It's important to note that content is retained in the file only during this session. If you close and reopen the file in write mode and write something again, the previous content will be deleted, highlighting the session-specific nature of 'w'.

When you run this, output.txt will be created in your current directory containing:

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1Hello, World!
2This is a new line of text.

When using write mode ('w'), any existing content in the file is erased as soon as the file is opened. This is useful when you want a fresh start or to completely overwrite the previous contents. However, if you wish to preserve the existing data and add new information, append mode ('a') comes into play. Append mode allows continuing from where the last content ended, without deletion of the previous data. Let's explore it

First, open the file in append mode.

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1with open(output_file_path, 'a') as file:

Next, append text to the file using the write() method.

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1with open(output_file_path, 'a') as file:
2    file.write("Appending another line of text.\n")

This adds the new line to the end of the existing content without altering previously written data.

Running this will result in:

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1Hello, World!
2This is a new line of text.
3Appending another line of text.

To verify the content of the file, we'll use the read mode. This helps ensure that everything was written and appended correctly.

We already know how to do it:

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1with open(output_file_path, 'r') as file:
2    content = file.read()
3print("\nValidating file content:")
4print(content)

By following the provided steps, the output should confirm the file contents you wrote and appended. This assures you that your program is performing as expected.

In addition to text, you can also write numbers to a file. However, numbers must be converted to strings before writing them, as the write() method only accepts string arguments.

Here's a simple example of writing a number to a file:

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1number = 42
2
3with open(output_file_path, 'w') as file:
4    file.write("The answer to life, the universe, and everything is: ")
5    file.write(str(number) + "\n")

In this example, the number 42 is converted to a string using the str() function before being written to the file. When executed, output.txt will contain:

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1The answer to life, the universe, and everything is: 42

With this approach, you can handle and store numerical data in text files easily.

In this lesson, we've mastered how to write and append text to files using Python's file handling modes 'w' and 'a', and validated these processes using 'r'. These are vital skills for storing and managing data effectively. As you dive into your practice exercises, you'll have the opportunity to reinforce these concepts with real-world scenarios. You now possess fundamental skills in text data manipulation, ready for further exploration and application.