Welcome to the first lesson of the course Automating API Tests with Scala. In this course, we will focus on the critical aspect of API testing, specifically from the perspective of an API client, ensuring that the API behaves as expected from the consumer's end.

As software systems become more interconnected through APIs, the reliability and stability of these interfaces have a direct impact on the client experience. By testing APIs, clients can verify that they receive accurate, consistent data and that the API performs as intended in various circumstances.

We will introduce you to MUnit, a powerful testing framework for Scala that simplifies the process of writing and running tests. By leveraging MUnit, you will be equipped to efficiently ensure the APIs you rely on are dependable, fostering greater confidence and trust in software integrations.

MUnit is a popular and powerful testing framework for Scala that is designed to make testing simple and scalable. It is used for writing simple as well as complex functional test cases and can be leveraged for API testing. MUnit stands out due to its simple syntax, robust assertion capabilities, and ability to integrate various test fixtures and plugins.

Here's how MUnit works:

• Test Discovery: MUnit automatically identifies test methods within your test suite. By convention, test methods are defined using the test function, which takes a name and a body containing the test logic.

• Running Tests: Once tests are defined, MUnit executes them and provides a detailed report of the outcomes. It captures the standard output and exceptions raised during test execution, displaying any errors and their traceback if a test fails.

• Assertions: MUnit provides a rich set of assertion methods, allowing you to verify that your code behaves as expected. This makes it easier to find out why a test failed.

• Fixtures: MUnit supports test setup and cleanup activities. You can define reusable testing code that helps manage state and configuration needed by your tests through fixtures.

By using MUnit, developers can efficiently verify that their APIs and applications are working as expected, ensuring quality and reliability in software projects.

The Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA) pattern is a widely used pattern in software testing that helps structure your test cases in a clear, logical, and consistent manner. This pattern makes tests more readable and maintainable by dividing them into three distinct phases:

1. Arrange: This phase involves setting up all necessary preconditions and inputs required for your test. In the context of API testing, this could involve defining any required data setup.

2. Act: In this phase, you perform the action that triggers the behavior you want to test. For API tests, this usually involves making a request to the API endpoint you've set up.

3. Assert: The final phase is where you verify that the outcome of the "Act" phase matches your expectations. This is done using assertions to check the response from the API, ensuring it behaves as expected.

Using the AAA pattern helps keep your tests organized and ensures that each test follows a consistent structure. This makes it easier to understand and maintain your test cases over time. Let's apply the AAA pattern in the next section by creating a basic test with MUnit.

In the example below, we're preparing to test an API endpoint that retrieves all todo items. It's important to note the naming convention used for our test function. In MUnit, test functions are defined using the test method, which takes a name and a body containing the test logic.

Scala
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1import requests.*
2
3val BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8000"
4
5class TodoApiSuite extends FunSuite:
6  test("should get all todos"):
7    // Arrange
8    val url = s"$BASE_URL/todos"

In this code block, we define a base URL for our API and construct the full URL for the "todos" endpoint. The test is defined using MUnit's test function, which takes a descriptive name and a body containing the test logic. This forms your "Arrange" step by setting up the conditions required for the test to proceed.

The next stage in the AAA pattern is "Act." This is where you perform the action that triggers the behavior you want to test. In API testing, the action usually involves making a request to the API endpoint you've prepared.

Continuing with our example, here is how you would use the Requests-Scala library to fetch data:

Scala
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1import requests.*
2
3val BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8000"
4
5class TodoApiSuite extends FunSuite:
6  test("should get all todos"):
7    // Arrange
8    val url = s"$BASE_URL/todos"
9
10    // Act
11    val response = requests.get(url)

This line executes a GET request to the URL we arranged. The response from this request will be used in the final phase of the pattern, where we will verify that it meets our expectations.

In the "Assert" stage, you verify that the result of the "Act" stage is what you expected. You'll use assertions to check the behavior of the API, ensuring it performs reliably every time. Let's look at how we can assert the correctness of our response:

Scala
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1import requests.*
2
3val BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8000"
4
5class TodoApiSuite extends FunSuite:
6  test("should get all todos"):
7    // Arrange
8    val url = s"$BASE_URL/todos"
9
10    // Act
11    val response = requests.get(url)
12
13    // Assert
14    assertEquals(response.statusCode, 200)
15    val todos = ujson.read(response.text()).arr
16    assert(todos.nonEmpty)

Here, we first check that the status code of the response is 200, indicating a successful request. Then, we parse the response to JSON and assert that it is a non-empty array. These assertions confirm that the API works as expected and returns data in the correct format.

Once you have written your test, it's time to run it with MUnit, a crucial step for validating your code. MUnit identifies test functions by looking for methods defined with the test function. This naming convention allows MUnit to automatically discover and execute your test cases seamlessly.

Sbt is a common way to build and run tests in Scala projects. To run the tests using Sbt, you simply need to use the following command in your terminal:

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1sbt test

In your development environment, ensure that MUnit is included as a dependency in your build.sbt file. Once you execute the sbt test command, MUnit will automatically discover and execute all the tests in your suite.

For simplicity, in the practice section's single-file environment, we'll use scala-cli to run the tests:

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1scala-cli test .

This command tells scala-cli to run all tests in the current directory, making it easier to execute tests in our practice environment without the need for a full Sbt setup.

Regardless of the method used, the output will indicate whether the tests passed or failed, and in case of a failure, MUnit will provide helpful information for diagnosing the issue.

A successful test run will produce an output similar to this:

Plain text
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1TodoApiSuite:
2  + should get all todos 0.362s

This output shows that the test session has started, with details about the test suite being used. It also indicates that the test was executed successfully, confirming the test passed. Seeing this output assures you that your API test is functioning as expected.

In this lesson, we discussed the importance of testing APIs and introduced MUnit, a tool that simplifies the process of automating these tests. We explored the Arrange-Act-Assert pattern, which helps structure our tests logically. By following this pattern, we successfully created and executed a basic test using MUnit.

Remember, the arrange phase sets up your test, the act phase conducts the actions, and the assert phase verifies the outcomes. You now have the foundational knowledge required to advance into more complex testing scenarios. As you move into the practice exercises, I encourage you to experiment and apply what you've learned. Get ready to deepen your understanding through hands-on experience with Scala.